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wild turkey
The wild turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo'') is native to North America and is the heaviest member of the diverse Galliformes. It is the same species as the domestic turkey, which was originally derived from a southern Mexican subspecies of wild turkey (not the related ocellated turkey). Although native to North America, the turkey probably got its name from the domesticated variety being imported to Britain in ships coming from the Levant via Spain. The British at the time therefore associated the wild turkey with the country Turkey and the name prevails.〔(''Webster's II New College Dictionary'' ). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 2005, ISBN 978-0-618-39601-6, p. 1217〕〔Andrew F. Smith: (''The Turkey: An American Story'' ). University of Illinois Press 2006, ISBN 978-0-252-03163-2, p. 17〕〔Dickson, 362; ("Why a Turkey Is Called a Turkey" ). Npr.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.〕
==Description==
Adult wild turkeys have long reddish-yellow to grayish-green legs. The body feathers are generally blackish and dark brown overall with a coppery sheen that becomes more complex in adult males. Adult males, called toms or gobblers, have a large, featherless, reddish head, red throat, and red wattles on the throat and neck. The head has fleshy growths called caruncles. Juvenile males are called jakes; the difference between an adult male and a juvenile is that the jake has a very short beard and his tail fan has longer feathers in the middle. The adult male's tail fan feathers will be all the same length.〔(Wild Turkey Identification and Anatomy ). NWTF. Retrieved on 2012-12-19.〕 When males are excited, a fleshy flap on the bill expands, and this, the wattles and the bare skin of the head and neck all become engorged with blood, almost concealing the eyes and bill. The long fleshy object over a male's beak is called a snood. Each foot has three toes in front, with a shorter, rear-facing toe in back; males have a spur behind each of their lower legs.
Male turkeys have a long, dark, fan-shaped tail and glossy bronze wings. As with many other species of the Galliformes, turkeys exhibit strong sexual dimorphism. The male is substantially larger than the female, and his feathers have areas of red, purple, green, copper, bronze, and gold iridescence. Females, called hens, have feathers that are duller overall, in shades of brown and gray. Parasites can dull coloration of both sexes; in males, coloration may serve as a signal of health. The primary wing feathers have white bars. Turkeys have 5000 to 6000 feathers.〔(National wild turkey Federation: wild turkey Facts ). Nwtf.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.〕 Tail feathers are of the same length in adults, different lengths in juveniles. Males typically have a "beard", a tuft of coarse hair (modified feathers) growing from the center of the breast. Beards average in length. In some populations, 10 to 20% of females have a beard, usually shorter and thinner than that of the male. The adult male (or "tom") normally weighs from and measures in length. The adult female (or "hen") is typically much smaller at and is long.〔(Wild Turkey ''Meleagris gallopavo'' ). animals.nationalgeographic.com〕〔(''Meleagris gallopavo'' wild turkey ). Animal Diversity Web〕 Per two large studies, the average weight of adult males is and the average weight of adult females is .〔''CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses'' by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.〕〔''CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition'' by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.〕 The wings are relatively small, as is typical of the galliform order, and the wingspan ranges from . The wing chord is only . The bill is also relatively small, as adults measure in culmen length.〔(Birds Master Database Search ). flmnh.ufl.edu〕 The tarsus of the wild turkey is quite long and sturdy, measuring from . The tail is also relatively long, ranging from .〔''Pheasants, Partridges, and Grouse : A Guide to the Pheasants, Partridges, Quails, Grouse, Guineafowl, Buttonquails, and Sandgrouse of the World (Princeton Field Guides)'' by Tami Davis Biddle. Princeton University Press (2002). ISBN 978-0691089089.〕 The record-sized adult male wild turkey, according to the National Wild Turkey Federation, weighed , with records of tom turkeys weighing over uncommon but not rare.〔(Welcome to the National Wild Turkey Federation | Conserve. Hunt. Share ). Nwtf.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-21.〕 While it is usually rather lighter than the waterfowl, after the trumpeter swan (''Cygnus buccinator''), the turkey has the second heaviest maximum weight of any North American bird. Going on average mass, several other birds on the continent, including the American white pelican (''Pelecanus erythrorhynchos''), the tundra swan (''Cygnus columbianus columbianus'') and the very rare California condor (''Gymnogyps californianus'') and whooping crane (''Grus americana'') surpass the mean weight of turkeys. On one hand, none of these other species are as sexually dimorphic in size as the wild turkey, but on the other, they are also far less numerous and are not legally hunted unlike the turkey, thousands of which are weighed every year during hunting season.〔''CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses'', John B. Dunning Jr. (ed.). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.〕
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